ginkgo-references

1. Mills S. and Bone K. (2000): Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy. Philadelphia, Churchill Livingstone

2. WHO (1999): Folium Ginkgo: WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1, pp 154-67.

3. Jellin J.M., Gregory P.J., Batz F. and Hitchens K. (2004): Pharmacist's Letter/ Prescriber's Letter Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database. Stockton, CA, Therapeutic Research Faculty. Accessed: 1/12/2004, http://www.naturaldatabase.com/

4. Robbers James E. and Tyler Varro E. (1999): Tyler's Herbs of Choice: The Therapeutic Use of Phytomedicinals. New York, The Haworth Herbal Press, Inc.

5. Blumenthal Mark (2000): Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs. Newton, MA, Integrative Medicine Communications, pp xiii, 519.

6. Blumenthal Mark, Hall Tara, Goldberg Alicia, Kunz Tanja and Dinda Kara (eds.) (2003): The ABC Clinical Guide to Herbs. Austin, Texas, American Botanical Council

7. NTP (2004): Ginkgo biloba Extract (GBE), National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Accessed: 5/4, http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/cgi/iH_Indexes/ALL_SRCH/iH_ALL_SRCH_Frames.html

8. Moreau J. P., Eck C. R., McCabe J. and Skinner S. (1986): [Absorption, distribution and elimination of a labelled extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves in the rat]. Presse Med. 15(31): 1458-61 [cited in NTP summary].

9. Kalus JS, Piotrowski AA, Fortier CR, Liu X, Kluger J and White CM (2003): Hemodynamic and electrocardiographic effects of short-term Ginkgo biloba. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 37(3): 345-349.

10. Mauro Vincent F., Mauro Laurie S., Kleshinski James F., Khuder Sadik A., Wang Yuantao and Erhardt Paul W. (Impact of Ginkgo Biloba on the Pharmacokinetics of Digoxin. [Article]. American Journal of Therapeutics July/August 2003;10(4):247-251.

11. Sierpina V. S., Wollschlaeger B. and Blumenthal M. (2003): Ginkgo biloba. Am Fam Physician. 68(5): 923-6.

12. Birks J and Grimley Evans J. (2004): Ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia (Cochrane Review): The Cochrane Library, Issue 1. Chichester, UK, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., pp 50.

13. Kuo I., Chen J. and Chang T. K. (2004): Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on rat hepatic microsomal CYP1A activity: role of ginkgolides, bilobalide, and flavonols. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 82(1): 57-64.

14. Hirooka K., Tokuda M., Miyamoto O., Itano T., Baba T. and Shiraga F. (2004): The Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) provides a neuroprotective effect on retinal ganglion cells in a rat model of chronic glaucoma. Curr Eye Res. 28(3): 153-7.

15. Massieu L., Moran J. and Christen Y. (2004): Effect of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) on staurosporine-induced neuronal death and caspase activity in cortical cultured neurons. Brain Res. 1002(1-2): 76-85.

16. Zimmermann M., Colciaghi F., Cattabeni F. and Di Luca M. (2002): Ginkgo biloba extract: from molecular mechanisms to the treatment of Alzhelmer's disease. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 48(6): 613-23.

17. Smith J. V. and Luo Y. (2004): Studies on molecular mechanisms of Ginkgo biloba extract. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol.

18. Schulz Volker Prof Dr med, Hþnsel Rudolf and Tyler Varro E. (2001): Rational Phytotherapy: A Physician's Guide to Herbal Medicine. Berlin ; New York, Springer, pp cm.

19. Ponto L. L. and Schultz S. K. (2003): Ginkgo biloba extract: review of CNS effects. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 15(2): 109-19.

20. Ahlemeyer B. and Krieglstein J. (2003): Neuroprotective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract. Cell Mol Life Sci. 60(9): 1779-92.

21. Garg R. K., Nag D. and Agrawal A. (1995): A double blind placebo controlled trial of ginkgo biloba extract in acute cerebral ischaemia. J Assoc Physicians India. 43(11): 760-3.

22. Wettstein A. (2000): Cholinesterase inhibitors and Gingko extracts--are they comparable in the treatment of dementia? Comparison of published placebo-controlled efficacy studies of at least six months' duration. Phytomedicine. 6(6): 393-401 [referenced in Boles Ponto, L.L. & S.K. Schultz, 2003].

23. Nathan PJ, Harrison BJ, Bartholomeusz C, Arnold KR, Wheatley D, Cheuvront SN, Carter R, III, Doraiswamy PM, Pomara N, Solomon PR et al. (2003): Ginkgo and memory... Solomon PR, Adams F, Silver A et al. Ginkgo for memory enhancement: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288:835-840. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association. 289(5): 546-548.

24. Solomon P. R., Adams F., Silver A., Zimmer J. and DeVeaux R. (2002): Ginkgo for memory enhancement: a randomized controlled trial. Jama. 288(7): 835-40.

25. Scholey A. B. and Kennedy D. O. (2002): Acute, dose-dependent cognitive effects of Ginkgo biloba, Panax ginseng and their combination in healthy young volunteers: differential interactions with cognitive demand. Hum Psychopharmacol. 17(1): 35-44.

26. Evans J.R. (2004): Ginkgo biloba extract for age-related macular degeneration (Cochrane Review): The Cochrane Library. Chichester, U.K., John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., pp 10.

27. Quaranta L., Bettelli S., Uva M. G., Semeraro F., Turano R. and Gandolfo E. (2003): Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on preexisting visual field damage in normal tension glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 110(2): 359-62; discussion 362-4.

28. Bascom Angella (2002): Incorporating Herbal Medicine into Clinical Practice. Philadelphia, F.A.Davis Company

29. Lewis Walter H. and Elvin-Lewis Memory P. (2003): Medical Botany: Plants Affecting Human Health. Hoboken, New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

30. Brinker F. (1998): Herb contraindications and drug interactions. Sandy, Oregon, Eclectic Medical Publications

31. Saloheimo Pertti, Juvela Seppo and Hillbom Matti (2001): Use of Aspirin, Epistaxis, and Untreated Hypertension as Risk Factors for Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Middle-Aged and Elderly People. Stroke. 32(2): 399-404.

32. Sturdivant Lee and Blakeley Tim (1999): The Bootstrap Guide to Medicinal Herbs in the Garden, Field, & Marketplace. Friday Harbor, WA, San Juan Naturals

Key Constiuents and Pharmacololgy	History and Traditional Use	Botanical Characteristics
Interactions withHerbs/Drugs/Disease	Adverse Effects/Contraindications	References	Ginkgo-Home

	Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba)
References
1. Mills S. and Bone K. (2000): Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy. Philadelphia, Churchill Livingstone 2. WHO (1999): Folium Ginkgo: WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1, pp 154-67. 3. Jellin J.M., Gregory P.J., Batz F. and Hitchens K. (2004): Pharmacist's Letter/ Prescriber's Letter Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database. Stockton, CA, Therapeutic Research Faculty. Accessed: 1/12/2004, http://www.naturaldatabase.com/ 4. Robbers James E. and Tyler Varro E. (1999): Tyler's Herbs of Choice: The Therapeutic Use of Phytomedicinals. New York, The Haworth Herbal Press, Inc. 5. Blumenthal Mark (2000): Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs. Newton, MA, Integrative Medicine Communications, pp xiii, 519. 6. Blumenthal Mark, Hall Tara, Goldberg Alicia, Kunz Tanja and Dinda Kara (eds.) (2003): The ABC Clinical Guide to Herbs. Austin, Texas, American Botanical Council 7. NTP (2004): Ginkgo biloba Extract (GBE), National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Accessed: 5/4, http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/cgi/iH_Indexes/ALL_SRCH/iH_ALL_SRCH_Frames.html 8. Moreau J. P., Eck C. R., McCabe J. and Skinner S. (1986): [Absorption, distribution and elimination of a labelled extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves in the rat]. Presse Med. 15(31): 1458-61 [cited in NTP summary]. 9. Kalus JS, Piotrowski AA, Fortier CR, Liu X, Kluger J and White CM (2003): Hemodynamic and electrocardiographic effects of short-term Ginkgo biloba. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 37(3): 345-349. 10. Mauro Vincent F., Mauro Laurie S., Kleshinski James F., Khuder Sadik A., Wang Yuantao and Erhardt Paul W. (Impact of Ginkgo Biloba on the Pharmacokinetics of Digoxin. [Article]. American Journal of Therapeutics July/August 2003;10(4):247-251. 11. Sierpina V. S., Wollschlaeger B. and Blumenthal M. (2003): Ginkgo biloba. Am Fam Physician. 68(5): 923-6. 12. Birks J and Grimley Evans J. (2004): Ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia (Cochrane Review): The Cochrane Library, Issue 1. Chichester, UK, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., pp 50. 13. Kuo I., Chen J. and Chang T. K. (2004): Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on rat hepatic microsomal CYP1A activity: role of ginkgolides, bilobalide, and flavonols. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 82(1): 57-64. 14. Hirooka K., Tokuda M., Miyamoto O., Itano T., Baba T. and Shiraga F. (2004): The Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) provides a neuroprotective effect on retinal ganglion cells in a rat model of chronic glaucoma. Curr Eye Res. 28(3): 153-7. 15. Massieu L., Moran J. and Christen Y. (2004): Effect of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) on staurosporine-induced neuronal death and caspase activity in cortical cultured neurons. Brain Res. 1002(1-2): 76-85. 16. Zimmermann M., Colciaghi F., Cattabeni F. and Di Luca M. (2002): Ginkgo biloba extract: from molecular mechanisms to the treatment of Alzhelmer's disease. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 48(6): 613-23. 17. Smith J. V. and Luo Y. (2004): Studies on molecular mechanisms of Ginkgo biloba extract. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 18. Schulz Volker Prof Dr med, Hþnsel Rudolf and Tyler Varro E. (2001): Rational Phytotherapy: A Physician's Guide to Herbal Medicine. Berlin ; New York, Springer, pp cm. 19. Ponto L. L. and Schultz S. K. (2003): Ginkgo biloba extract: review of CNS effects. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 15(2): 109-19. 20. Ahlemeyer B. and Krieglstein J. (2003): Neuroprotective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract. Cell Mol Life Sci. 60(9): 1779-92. 21. Garg R. K., Nag D. and Agrawal A. (1995): A double blind placebo controlled trial of ginkgo biloba extract in acute cerebral ischaemia. J Assoc Physicians India. 43(11): 760-3. 22. Wettstein A. (2000): Cholinesterase inhibitors and Gingko extracts--are they comparable in the treatment of dementia? Comparison of published placebo-controlled efficacy studies of at least six months' duration. Phytomedicine. 6(6): 393-401 [referenced in Boles Ponto, L.L. & S.K. Schultz, 2003]. 23. Nathan PJ, Harrison BJ, Bartholomeusz C, Arnold KR, Wheatley D, Cheuvront SN, Carter R, III, Doraiswamy PM, Pomara N, Solomon PR et al. (2003): Ginkgo and memory... Solomon PR, Adams F, Silver A et al. Ginkgo for memory enhancement: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288:835-840. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association. 289(5): 546-548. 24. Solomon P. R., Adams F., Silver A., Zimmer J. and DeVeaux R. (2002): Ginkgo for memory enhancement: a randomized controlled trial. Jama. 288(7): 835-40. 25. Scholey A. B. and Kennedy D. O. (2002): Acute, dose-dependent cognitive effects of Ginkgo biloba, Panax ginseng and their combination in healthy young volunteers: differential interactions with cognitive demand. Hum Psychopharmacol. 17(1): 35-44. 26. Evans J.R. (2004): Ginkgo biloba extract for age-related macular degeneration (Cochrane Review): The Cochrane Library. Chichester, U.K., John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., pp 10. 27. Quaranta L., Bettelli S., Uva M. G., Semeraro F., Turano R. and Gandolfo E. (2003): Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on preexisting visual field damage in normal tension glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 110(2): 359-62; discussion 362-4. 28. Bascom Angella (2002): Incorporating Herbal Medicine into Clinical Practice. Philadelphia, F.A.Davis Company 29. Lewis Walter H. and Elvin-Lewis Memory P. (2003): Medical Botany: Plants Affecting Human Health. Hoboken, New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 30. Brinker F. (1998): Herb contraindications and drug interactions. Sandy, Oregon, Eclectic Medical Publications 31. Saloheimo Pertti, Juvela Seppo and Hillbom Matti (2001): Use of Aspirin, Epistaxis, and Untreated Hypertension as Risk Factors for Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Middle-Aged and Elderly People. Stroke. 32(2): 399-404. 32. Sturdivant Lee and Blakeley Tim (1999): The Bootstrap Guide to Medicinal Herbs in the Garden, Field, & Marketplace. Friday Harbor, WA, San Juan Naturals

Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba)